GRF(1-29) comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Updated 2026-06-17. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
The dividing feature between the two forms is a maleimide-based drug affinity complex, abbreviated DAC. In the DAC-bearing version, a linker attaches the peptide to serum albumin after administration, and that association slows removal from plasma. The version lacking DAC appears in catalogs as MOD GRF(1-29) or tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29). Because informal writing treats both as one item, comparisons drawn from such sources routinely blend measurements taken from two molecules with substantially different behavior.
Four amino acid substitutions separate the modified backbone from the parent GRF(1-29) sequence. These changes reduce recognition by dipeptidyl peptidase IV and related proteases, extending the interval before degradation. Development work in this area sought longer-acting GHRH analogs for endocrine investigation. Published descriptions treat the substitution set as a defining property of the core sequence, while the albumin-binding linker is described separately as an optional addition to that same backbone.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone, constructed on the 29-amino-acid fragment designated GRF(1-29). The name began as an internal development code during the 1990s and later spread through research supply catalogs and discussion forums. The molecule does not occur in nature; its sequence is engineered rather than isolated from tissue. Two related compounds are sold under this single label, and they differ by one appended chemical group that strongly influences how long the peptide remains in circulation.
Two forms circulate under the CJC-1295 name, and they differ by a single appended group. The version without a drug affinity complex carries four substitutions along the peptide chain, including a D-alanine near the amino terminus and replacements at three other positions. These changes block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV and remove a methionine residue that is prone to oxidation. The modified fragment is frequently labeled MOD GRF 1-29. Naming conventions are inconsistent across informal sources, which is a common source of confusion.
The second form adds a maleimide-bearing linker to the lysine at the carboxyl end. This group reacts with cysteine-34 on circulating serum albumin, forming a covalent bond that keeps the peptide in the bloodstream for far longer. ConjuChem developed the molecule as a way to extend the action of a peptide without frequent administration. The albumin attachment is the defining structural feature of the drug affinity complex version. Whether continuous exposure produces effects distinct from shorter pulses remains an unresolved research question.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular class | Synthetic peptide | Analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone |
| Chain length | 29 amino acids | Based on the GRF(1-29) fragment |
| Appearance | White to off-white lyophilized powder | Common research supply form |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and aqueous buffers | Powder requires reconstitution before use |
| Typical storage | −20 °C or below | Kept away from light and moisture |
The core sequence keeps the receptor-binding region of GHRH while replacing four positions that are vulnerable to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and other proteases. Substitutions at positions 2, 8, 15, and 27 raise metabolic stability relative to the natural hormone. The N-terminal residues remain essential for activity, so changes there generally lower potency. Molecular weight sits near 3368 daltons for the tetrasubstituted analog without the linker, while the albumin-binding form is heavier because of the added maleimide group.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. Its sequence corresponds to the first twenty-nine residues of human GHRH, with four substitutions that slow enzymatic breakdown. Early descriptions placed the compound in research on growth hormone deficiency and related conditions, and later literature groups it with the long-acting GHRH analogs. The name appears in both laboratory and popular fitness writing, where it sometimes labels chemically different peptides.
Two related forms circulate in technical discussion under the same family name. The original version carries a drug affinity complex (DAC) that binds covalently to serum albumin after administration, and this linkage substantially extends circulation time. A second form, frequently written as modified GRF(1-29) or CJC-1295 without DAC, lacks that linker and clears much faster. The naming is a frequent source of confusion because the shorthand CJC-1295 can refer to either form depending on the source. Reports sometimes fail to specify which variant was studied.
The peptide backbone includes a D-alanine at position two, which resists cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and several other substitutions that reduce degradation. Its molecular weight is roughly 3.4 kDa without the linker and about 3.6 kDa with it. The molecule is water soluble and is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder. Precise sequence and mass values depend on which variant is described, so technical documents usually state the exact form being referenced.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its structure derives from the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH, a fragment often called GRF(1-29). Four substitutions were introduced to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend activity relative to the natural sequence. The compound was developed by ConjuChem as part of a broader effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide hormones. It is studied in laboratory and clinical research settings rather than appearing as a naturally occurring substance.
Research material is normally supplied as a freeze-dried powder in sealed vials. In that state the peptide is comparatively robust, but prolonged exposure to warmth, moisture, or light accelerates degradation. Storage at minus twenty degrees Celsius or lower, with desiccant and protection from light, is the commonly described practice. Vials should be allowed to reach room temperature before opening to limit condensation on the powder. Moisture uptake during handling is a recognized source of variability in later measurements.
Reconstitution is typically performed with sterile water or bacteriostatic water, added slowly against the vial wall. The resulting solution should be clear and colorless; cloudiness or visible particles suggest a problem with the material or the diluent. Once in solution, the peptide is less stable than the dry powder. Refrigerated storage at two to eight degrees Celsius is common for short-term holding, while freezing aliquots is described for longer periods.
Eukaryotic cells have 80S ribosomes located in their cytosol, each consisting of a small (40S) and large (60S) subunit. Their 40S subunit has an 18S RNA (1900 nucleotides) and 33 proteins. The large subunit is composed of a 5S RNA (120 nucleotides), 28S RNA (4700 nucleotides), a 5.8S RNA (160 nucleotides) subunits and 49 proteins.
In Algiers, the capital of Algeria, captured Christians and Europeans were forced into slavery. In about 1650, there were as many as 35,000 Christian slaves in Algiers. By one estimate, raids by Barbary slave traders on coastal villages and ships extending from Italy to Iceland, enslaved an estimated 1 to 1.25 million Europeans between the 16th and 19th centuries. However, this estimate is the result of an extrapolation which assumes that the number of European slaves captured by Barbary pirates was constant for a 250-year period:
==== Liposomes ==== Much like the droplets in an emulsion, liposomes are created when watery and oily things mix. However, they are made from phospholipids, which unlike other oil have a water-loving "head" part. This allows it to form lipid bilayers similar to cell membranes. When it encloses a aqueous volume, the result is a liposome. The plant extract QS-21 is a liposome loaded with saponins extracted from the tree Quillaja saponaria. The combination of QS-21, cholesterol and MPL forms the liposome adjuvant AS01 which is used in the Shingrix vaccine approved in 2017, as well as in the approved malaria vaccine Mosquirix.
===== MeSH D08.811.913.817 – sulfur group transferases (EC 2.8) ===== MeSH D08.811.913.817.200 – coenzyme a-transferases MeSH D08.811.913.817.400 – sulfotransferases MeSH D08.811.913.817.400.300 – aryl sulfotransferase MeSH D08.811.913.817.500 – sulfurtransferases MeSH D08.811.913.817.500.500 – thiosulfate sulfurtransferase
== Partnerships == Towards fulfilling its mandate, RCB is collaborating with various national and international institutions of repute. The partnerships are meant for exchange of ideas, information sharing, training, networking, conducting scientific colloquia, workshops, academic exchange programmes and student study visits within (and outside) India and for students of the Asia-Pacific region. RCB and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan announced a partnership to further capacity building initiatives in bio-imaging and biotechnology. The agreement offers an excellent opportunity for both the institutions in capacity building, training and research collaborations, benefitting young scientists not only in India and Japan, but also from the UNESCO member countries in the Asia-Pacific and SAARC regions. In its continuing effort to fulfill the core mandate, RCB is actively engaged in a range of research and related activities in partnership with other academic institutions, which form part of the NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad. Shared facilities such as Advanced Technology Platform Centre (ATPC), and Bioincubators (supported by Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC)), which is meant to support the budding biotechnology entrepreneurs, are being established.
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With the development of high-efficiency and high-power LEDs, it has become possible to use LEDs in lighting and illumination. To encourage the shift to LED lamps and other high-efficiency lighting, in 2008 the US Department of Energy created the L Prize competition. The Philips Lighting North America LED bulb won the first competition on August 3, 2011, after successfully completing 18 months of intensive field, lab, and product testing. Efficient lighting is needed for sustainable architecture. As of 2011, some LED bulbs provide up to 150 lm/W and even inexpensive low-end models typically exceed 50 lm/W, so that a 6-watt LED could achieve the same results as a standard 40-watt incandescent bulb. The lower heat output of LEDs also reduces demand on air conditioning systems. Worldwide, LEDs are rapidly adopted to displace less effective sources such as incandescent lamps and CFLs and reduce electrical energy consumption and its associated emissions. Solar powered LEDs are used as street lights and in architectural lighting. The mechanical robustness and long lifetime are used in automotive lighting on cars, motorcycles, and bicycle lights. LED street lights are employed on poles and in parking garages. In 2007, the Italian village of Torraca was the first place to convert its street lighting to LEDs. Cabin lighting on recent Airbus and Boeing jetliners uses LED lighting. LEDs are also being used in airport and heliport lighting.
Lately Chief Executive, Scottish Ambulance Service. For services to Emergency Health Care. Professor Ronald Edmund Hutton, FBA. Professor of History, University of Bristol. For services to History. Michelle Christina Jarman-Howe. Chief Operating Officer of Prisons, HM Prison and Probation Service. For Public Service. Michael Keith Jary. Lately Lead Non-Executive Director, Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities. For Public Service. Professor Alexandrina Henderson Farmer Jay, OBE. Lately Chair, Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse. For services to the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse. Patricia Anne Jessopp. Chief Executive Officer, Royal Mint. For services to Industry and to the Financial Sector. Dr. Chandra Mohan Kanneganti. General Practitioner, Goldenhill Medical Centre, Stoke-on-Trent. For services to General Practice. Lynne Kelly. Chair and Trustee, Haemophilia Wales. For services to People with Haemophilia. Professor Timothy James Greaves Kendall. Lately National Clinical Director for Mental Health, NHS England. For services to Mental Health Care in England. Naguib Kheraj. Chair, Rothesay Limited. For services to Business and to the Economy. Christopher Ross Kingsley, OBE. Co-Founder and Chief Technology Officer, Rebellion. For services to the Creative Industries. Jonathon Jason Kingsley, OBE. Co-Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Creative Director, Rebellion. For services to the Creative Industries. David Eric Laing, DL. For services to Charity and to Philanthropy. Angela Marie Leitch. Lately Chief Executive, Public Health Scotland.
=== OMICS Mass Spectrometry Core Facility === Provides services in proteomics and metabolomics. The proteomics division performs untargeted and targeted analyses, handling sample processing from protein isolation to data evaluation. The metabolomics service conducts analysis of small molecules using LC-MS and GCxGC-MS platforms.
As such, the total dosage of CPA per month is as much as 30 times the physiological equivalent of progesterone production during the normal menstrual cycle, and is notably equivalent to the total production of progesterone by a corpus luteum throughout the course of a woman's entire cyclic life. Consequently, there is profound overdosage of progestogenic effect (and by extension progestogenic side effects) when CPA is used as an antiandrogen at high doses. For this reason, it has been said that CPA cannot be considered an ideal antiandrogen. Through its action as a progestogen, CPA has been found to significantly increase prolactin secretion and to induce extensive lobuloalveolar development of the mammary glands of female rhesus macaques. In accordance, a study found that CPA, in all cases, induced full lobuloalveolar development of the breasts in transgender women treated with the medication in combination with estrogen for a prolonged period of time. Pregnancy-like breast hyperplasia was observed in two of the subjects. In contrast, the same study found that men with prostate cancer treated with a non-progestogenic antiandrogen like flutamide or bicalutamide and no estrogen produced moderate but incomplete lobuloalveolar development of the breasts. Based on the above research, it was concluded by the study authors that combined estrogenic and progestogenic action is required in transgender women for fully mature female-like histologic breast development (i.e., that includes complete lobuloalveolar maturation).
For example, before combat missions Fallschirmjäger soldiers received the "Combat Ration for Paratroopers", which contained tins of cheese and ham, an energy bar, crispbread, candy drops, powdered milk, and instant coffee. The standard Schutzstaffel (SS) ration, designed to last for four days, consisted of 25 ounces (710 g) of Graubrot, 6–10 ounces (170–280 g) of canned meat (sometimes in the form of sausage), five ounces (140 g) of vegetables, one-half ounce (14 g) of butter, margarine, jam, or hazelnut paste, coffee, and six cigarettes (despite the SS's strong anti-smoking stance). Some other special supplements were given, including leberwurst. Regions invaded and occupied by Nazi forces were stripped of their food to feed Germans and starve local populations. As a result, soldiers could eat a variety of foods depending on availability. When in static positions German soldiers could eat well while rationing for frontline soldiers was sometimes hampered by supply issues. For example, a German soldier who fought in Crimea, which presented a logistical challenge due to a long and vulnerable land route, described the food he and his comrades received during this period as consisting of one warm meal a day, typically cabbage soup with a piece of tomato, with the addition of half a loaf of bread, some fat, cheese, and hard honey every second day. However, when the same soldier was billeted in a Russian village, he described the food as including a midday meal of borscht with bread and a large evening meal of potatoes, other vegetables, eggs, and meat.
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The sodium carboxymethyl cellulose can be cross-linked to give the croscarmellose sodium (E468) for use as a disintegrant in pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, by the covalent attachment of thiol groups to cellulose ethers such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, or hydroxyethyl cellulose mucoadhesive and permeation enhancing properties can be introduced. Thiolated cellulose derivatives (see thiomers) exhibit also high binding properties for metal ions.
Although no approved therapeutics are based on ricin, it does have the potential to be used in the treatment of tumors to destroy targeted cells. Because ricin is a protein, it can be linked to a monoclonal antibody to target cancerous cells recognized by the antibody. The major problem with ricin is that its native internalization sequences are distributed throughout the protein. If any of these native internalization sequences are present in a therapeutic agent, the drug will be internalized by, and kill, untargeted non-tumorous cells as well as targeted cancerous cells. Modifying ricin may sufficiently lessen the likelihood that the ricin component of these immunotoxins will cause the wrong cells to internalize it, while still retaining its cell-killing activity when it is internalized by the targeted cells. However, bacterial toxins, such as diphtheria toxin, which is used in denileukin diftitox, an FDA-approved treatment for leukemia and lymphoma, have proven to be more practical. A promising approach for ricin is to use the non-toxic B subunit (a lectin) as a vehicle for delivering antigens into cells, thus greatly increasing their immunogenicity. Use of ricin as an adjuvant has potential implications for developing mucosal vaccines.
=== Recombinant human growth hormone (rHGH) === In 1981, the new American corporation Genentech, after collaboration with Kabi, developed and started trials of recombinant human growth hormone (rHGH) made by a new technology (recombinant DNA) in which human genes were inserted into bacteria so that they could produce unlimited amounts of the protein. Because this was new technology, approval was deferred as lengthy safety trials continued over the next four years. In 1985, four young adults in the U.S. having received NPA growth hormone in the 1960s developed CJD (Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease). The connection was recognized within a few months, and use of human pituitary GH rapidly ceased. Between 1985 and 2003, a total of 26 cases of CJD occurred in adults having received NPA GH before 1977 (out of 7700), comparable numbers of cases occurred around the world. By 2003 there had been no cases in people who received only GH purified by the improved 1977 methods. Discontinuation of human cadaver growth hormone led to rapid Food and Drug Administration approval of Genentech's recombinant human growth hormone, which was introduced in 1985 as Protropin in the United States. Although this previously scarce commodity was suddenly available in "bucketfuls", the price of treatment (US$10,000–30,000 per year) was the highest at the time. Genentech justified it by the prolonged research and development investment, orphan drug status, and a pioneering post-marketing surveillance registry for tracking safety and effectiveness (National Cooperative Growth Study).
Representative Melanie Stansbury official U.S. House website Campaign website Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress Profile at Vote Smart Appearances on C-SPAN
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. It is a laboratory-synthesized analog built on a fragment of the natural hormone. The natural peptide is shorter-lived and lacks the stabilizing substitutions found in the synthetic version.
DAC stands for drug affinity complex, a chemical group that binds the peptide to serum albumin. The binding slows clearance and lengthens the time the molecule stays in plasma compared with the unmodified analog.
Because two distinct molecules are discussed under one informal label. The albumin-binding version clears over several days, while the form without that group clears within roughly half an hour. Mixing results from both creates inconsistent figures.
Natural GHRH is degraded quickly by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and related enzymes, giving it a half-life measured in minutes. CJC-1295 carries substitutions that slow that breakdown, so it stays intact longer. Both act at the same pituitary receptor and produce the same class of signal.