This is a working overview of GHRH analog, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2026-01-15 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Two forms circulate under the CJC-1295 name, and they differ by a single appended group. The version without a drug affinity complex carries four substitutions along the peptide chain, including a D-alanine near the amino terminus and replacements at three other positions. These changes block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV and remove a methionine residue that is prone to oxidation. The modified fragment is frequently labeled MOD GRF 1-29. Naming conventions are inconsistent across informal sources, which is a common source of confusion.
The second form adds a maleimide-bearing linker to the lysine at the carboxyl end. This group reacts with cysteine-34 on circulating serum albumin, forming a covalent bond that keeps the peptide in the bloodstream for far longer. ConjuChem developed the molecule as a way to extend the action of a peptide without frequent administration. The albumin attachment is the defining structural feature of the drug affinity complex version. Whether continuous exposure produces effects distinct from shorter pulses remains an unresolved research question.
The peptide backbone includes a D-alanine at position two, which resists cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and several other substitutions that reduce degradation. Its molecular weight is roughly 3.4 kDa without the linker and about 3.6 kDa with it. The molecule is water soluble and is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder. Precise sequence and mass values depend on which variant is described, so technical documents usually state the exact form being referenced.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its structure derives from the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH, a fragment often called GRF(1-29). Four substitutions were introduced to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend activity relative to the natural sequence. The compound was developed by ConjuChem as part of a broader effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide hormones. It is studied in laboratory and clinical research settings rather than appearing as a naturally occurring substance.
Two related forms circulate in technical discussion under the same family name. The original version carries a drug affinity complex (DAC) that binds covalently to serum albumin after administration, and this linkage substantially extends circulation time. A second form, frequently written as modified GRF(1-29) or CJC-1295 without DAC, lacks that linker and clears much faster. The naming is a frequent source of confusion because the shorthand CJC-1295 can refer to either form depending on the source. Reports sometimes fail to specify which variant was studied.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular weight (no linker) | ~3.37 kDa | Calculated from peptide sequence |
| Molecular weight (with linker) | ~3.65 kDa | Includes albumin-binding moiety |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typically lyophilized |
| Solubility | Soluble in water | Also dissolves in aqueous buffers |
| Common synonyms | Modified GRF(1-29), DAC:GRF | Usage varies by source |
Identity and purity are assessed mainly by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separation resolves the target peptide from truncation products and from species carrying oxidised residues, while mass measurement confirms the expected molecular mass. Because the two common variants differ by roughly 280 daltons, a mass determination distinguishes them unambiguously. Purity is often quoted as a percentage of total peak area, although that figure depends on the detection wavelength and the integration method applied.
Reported half-lives differ widely between the two variants and between species. Values for the albumin-binding form are usually expressed in days, while the unconjugated form is measured in minutes to a few hours. Sampling schedules, assay sensitivity, and route of administration all influence the numbers, which limits direct comparison across studies. Whether sustained receptor occupancy produces different downstream effects from pulsatile stimulation remains an open question in the published work. Claims about relative potency should therefore be read alongside the specific study design that produced them.
Lyophilised powder is the usual supplied form. The material is hygroscopic, so vials are typically equilibrated to room temperature before opening in order to prevent condensation on the contents. Long-term storage is generally described at minus twenty degrees Celsius or colder, protected from light and moisture. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles are avoided because they promote aggregation and loss of soluble material. A reconstituted solution is considerably less stable than the dry powder and is normally kept refrigerated for short periods only.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone, built on the 29-amino-acid GHRH(1-29) fragment. Four substitutions distinguish it from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes reduce enzymatic cleavage and extend the peptide's persistence in circulation. The compound is discussed in two forms, one carrying a drug affinity complex and one without it.
The drug affinity complex is a maleimidopropionic acid group attached to a lysine side chain. It reacts with the free thiol of cysteine-34 on circulating albumin, forming a covalent bond. This conjugation keeps the peptide in the bloodstream and shields it from rapid renal filtration and proteolysis. Reported circulation half-lives for the albumin-bound form fall in the range of roughly six to nine days in early human studies.
Two principal forms appear in the literature and in research supply. One carries a drug affinity complex, a maleimide-based group that forms a covalent bond with circulating albumin. This linkage slows clearance and produces a long-lasting elevation of peptide levels. The other form lacks that group and is often labeled MOD GRF(1-29). It has a much shorter circulation time. Both variants retain the same core receptor-binding sequence. Reported half-lives differ substantially between the two.
At the pituitary, the peptide binds the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on somatotroph cells. Receptor activation raises intracellular cyclic AMP and triggers release of stored growth hormone. Somatostatin and other hypothalamic signals modulate this response. Negative feedback from insulin-like growth factor 1 also influences output. The same regulatory architecture operates with the native hormone. Whether the synthetic analog alters feedback dynamics over repeated exposure remains an open question. Most published receptor work uses cell models rather than intact human systems.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide belonging to the growth hormone-releasing hormone analog family. It comprises twenty-nine amino acid residues derived from the N-terminal region of natural GHRH. The molecule incorporates several non-natural substitutions that increase resistance to enzymatic degradation. These modifications extend its activity compared with the native hormone fragment. Researchers use it to study pituitary growth hormone secretion in laboratory and clinical settings. This compound is distinct from native GHRH in its stability profile.
CJC-1295 acts at the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor found on somatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary. Binding triggers a rise in cyclic AMP and calcium entry, which promotes release of stored growth hormone. Because the peptide mimics the body's own releasing hormone, it amplifies existing secretory pulses rather than driving continuous output. The size of the response therefore depends partly on the subject's own hormonal rhythm and feedback state.
The attached maleimide group explains the unusual duration of the DAC version. After injection it reacts with the thiol of cysteine-34 on serum albumin, forming a stable covalent bond. The resulting conjugate is too large for rapid kidney filtration and is shielded from many peptidases. Reported half-lives for this form reach several days, whereas the version without the group is cleared in roughly half an hour. That gap is the main pharmacological difference between the two.
Downstream of growth hormone, the liver and other tissues increase production of insulin-like growth factor 1, a mediator of many growth-promoting effects. Studies have documented elevated levels of both hormones after dosing, and the rise from the long-acting form persists longer than that produced by shorter-acting analogues. What remains unclear is whether sustained elevation of these markers translates into meaningful clinical benefit, and whether prolonged exposure carries risks that short trials could not detect.
Centers for Disease Control: Obesity Data and Statistics American Obesity Treatment Association: Obesity Education and Statistics Archived February 28, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Contributors to Obesity | Tableau Public Archived January 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (infographic for the United States)
== Advantages and limitations == A major advantage of ABPP is the ability to monitor the availability of the enzyme active site directly, rather than being limited to protein or mRNA abundance. Ideal ABPs would target a large, but manageable, number of enzymes (tens to hundreds) to provide researchers with a global view of the functional state of the proteome. This degree of target promiscuity must be balanced by minimal cross-reactivity with unrelated proteins. Most ABPs achieve this combination of intraclass coverage and limited extraclass reactivity by coupling appropriate reactive groups with binding elements that recognize conserved mechanistic or structural features within enzyme active sites. Furthermore, ABPP could be used to target specific proteins which were previously viewed as undruggable targets. A disadvantage of ABPs is that their design is somewhat restricted by the need to attach an electrophile or photocrosslinker, which can limit chemical diversity. Another potential drawback is that covalent modification of the active site irreversibly inhibits the target enzyme. However, in many cases it is possible to use concentrations of ABP such that only a small fraction of the active enzyme pool is labeled, minimizing perturbation of overall enzymatic activity.
By the latter half of 1946, Korolev and rocket engineer Valentin Glushko had, with extensive input from German engineers, outlined a successor to the R-1, the R-2 with an extended frame and a new engine designed by Glushko, which entered service in November, 1951, with a range of 600 kilometres (370 mi), twice that of the R-1. This was followed in 1951 with the development of the R-5 Pobeda, the Soviet Union's first real strategic missile, with a range of 1,200 km (750 mi) and capable of carrying a 1 megaton (mt) thermonuclear warhead. The R-5 entered service in 1955. Scientific versions of the R-1, R-2 and R-5 undertook various experiments between 1949 and 1958, including flights with space dogs. Design work began in 1953 on the R-7 Semyorka with the requirement for a missile with a launch mass of 170 to 200 tons, range of 8,500 km and carrying a 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) nuclear warhead, powerful enough to launch a nuclear warhead against the United States. In late 1953 the warhead's mass was increased to 5.5 to 6 tons to accommodate the then planned theromonuclear bomb. The R-7 was designed in a two-stage configuration, with four boosters that would jettison when empty. On the 21 August 1957 the R-7 flew 6,000 km (3,700 mi), and became the worlds's first intercontinental ballistic missile. Two months later the R-7 launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, into orbit, and became the basis for the R-7 family which includes Sputnik, Luna, Molniya, Vostok, and Voskhod space launchers, as well as later Soyuz variants.
As the United Kingdom agreed to the partitioning of India, the modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27th of Ramadan in 1366 of the Islamic calendar, a holy time regarded as auspicious and noted for its religious importance). This new nation amalgamated the Muslim-majority eastern and northwestern regions of British India, comprising the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, and Sindh. In the riots that accompanied the partition in Punjab Province, between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in what some have described as a retributive genocide between the religions. Around 50,000 Muslim women were abducted and raped by Hindu and Sikh men, while 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women experienced the same fate at the hands of Muslims. Around 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India. It was the largest mass migration in human history. A subsequent dispute over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir eventually sparked the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948.
=== Others === In December 2025, Maduro asked Colombian society, including Colombia's army, to join in defending against any aggression from the US. Gustavo Petro, the president of Colombia, denied the request, stating that no one can order Colombia's armed forces, and later adding that Maduro was a dictator but not a narco-trafficker. Petro has called for a negotiated settlement.
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=== Intrinsic resistance === A few Gram-positive bacteria, such as Leuconostoc and Pediococcus, are intrinsically resistant to vancomycin, but they rarely cause disease in humans. Most Lactobacillus species are also intrinsically resistant to vancomycin, except for L. acidophilus and L. delbrueckii, which are sensitive. Other Gram-positive bacteria with intrinsic resistance to vancomycin include Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Weissella confusa, and Clostridium innocuum. Most Gram-negative bacteria are intrinsically resistant to vancomycin because their outer membranes are impermeable to large glycopeptide molecules (with the exception of some non-gonococcal Neisseria species).
=== Pharmacology === Doxycycline, at subantimicrobial doses, inhibits MMP activity, and has been used in various experimental systems for this purpose, such as for recalcitrant recurrent corneal erosions. It is used clinically for the treatment of periodontal disease and is the only MMP inhibitor that is widely available clinically. It is sold under the trade name Periostat by the company CollaGenex. Minocycline, another tetracycline antibiotic, has also been shown to inhibit MMP activity. A number of rationally designed MMP inhibitors have shown some promise in the treatment of pathologies that MMPs are suspected to be involved in (see above). However, most of these, such as marimastat (BB-2516), a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, and cipemastat (Ro 32-3555), an MMP-1 selective inhibitor, have performed poorly in clinical trials. The failure of Marimastat was partially responsible for the folding of British Biotech, which developed it. The failure of these drugs has been due largely to toxicity (in particular, musculo-skeletal toxicity in the case of broad spectrum inhibitors) and failure to show expected results (in the case of trocade, promising results in rabbit arthritis models were not replicated in human trials). The reasons behind the largely disappointing clinical results of MMP inhibitors is unclear, especially in light of their activity in animal models.
According to TMZ, he had been suffering from liver and kidney damage, which were believed to be the result of his addiction. In September 2006, Terrence Kiel, a San Diego Chargers player, was arrested during practice for the possession with intent to sell prescription cough syrup for use in making the drink. Kiel was caught trying to ship a case of syrup to a friend via FedEx. Kiel was charged with two felony counts of transporting a controlled substance and three counts of possession for sale of a controlled substance. On July 8, 2008, Johnny Jolly, a Green Bay Packers player, was pulled over in his car by the police for playing excessively loud music in a nightclub parking lot. The officers found a Dr Pepper bottle in a holder next to two Styrofoam cups containing soda and ice. The case was dismissed, but charges were refiled in December 2009 after the Houston Police Department acquired new equipment that allowed the police to test the evidence again. Jolly faced a possible maximum sentence of up to 20 years in jail, but as a first time offender he would be eligible for probation. On July 5, 2010, former Oakland Raiders quarterback JaMarcus Russell was arrested at his home in Mobile, Alabama, for possession of codeine without a prescription. He was arrested as part of an undercover narcotics investigation. Russell was booked into city jail and released soon afterwards after making his bail.
== History == In November 2023, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for the chikungunya vaccine with fast track, breakthrough therapy, and priority review designations. The vaccine, Ixchiq, was licensed to Valneva Austria GmbH. It contains the live attenuated chikungunya virus (CHIKV) Δ5nsP3 strain of the ECSA/IOL genotype. Ixchiq was authorized for medical use in the European Union in June 2024. A second vaccine, Vimkunya, manufactured by Bavarian Nordic, was authorized for medical use in the European Union in February 2025. In June 2026, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended that the chikungunya vaccine Ixchiq should be restricted to individuals with a high risk of becoming infected with the chikungunya virus. This restriction is due to serious adverse events reported with the vaccine, including aseptic meningitis. Some of these events resulted in hospitalisation and death.
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In the field of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) is the definite integral of the concentration of a drug in blood plasma as a function of time (this can be done using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry). In practice, the drug concentration is measured at certain discrete points in time and the trapezoidal rule is used to estimate AUC. In pharmacology, the area under the plot of plasma concentration of a drug versus time after dosage (called "area under the curve" or AUC) gives insight into the extent of exposure to a drug and its clearance rate from the body.
Gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor (GnSAF) is a nonsteroidal ovarian hormone produced by the granulosa cells of small antral ovarian follicles in females. GnSAF is involved in regulating the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary and the ovarian cycle. During the early to mid-follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, GnSAF acts on the anterior pituitary to attenuate LH release, limiting the secretion of LH to only basal levels. At the transition between follicular and luteal phase, GnSAF bioactivity declines sufficiently to permit LH secretion above basal levels, resulting in the mid-cycle LH surge that initiates ovulation. In normally ovulating women, the LH surge only occurs when the oocyte is mature and ready for extrusion. GnSAF bioactivity is responsible for the synchronised, biphasic nature of LH secretion.
=== Circulatory disorders === Diabetic vasculopathy Sepsis with peripheral necrosis Peripheral artery disease which can lead to gangrene A severe deep vein thrombosis (phlegmasia cerulea dolens) can cause compartment syndrome and gangrene
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No. It is a synthetic analogue modeled on the first 29 residues of human GHRH. The substitutions and any linker are laboratory modifications rather than features of the endogenous peptide.
Early development used the albumin-binding form, and a shorter variant was later discussed under the same label. Because the two differ in half-life and handling, ambiguity arises whenever a source omits the variant designation.
The compound derives from that fragment but is not identical to it. The parent fragment lacks the stabilizing substitutions, so its degradation rate and duration of action differ noticeably.
Chromatography reports how much material elutes as a single peak but does not confirm what that material is. Mass spectrometry supplies the molecular mass, which is characteristic of a given sequence and its modifications. Together the two methods support both a purity figure and an identity claim.