The short version of CJC-1295 fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2026-06-01 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide built as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Its backbone matches the first twenty-nine residues of the natural human hormone, with four amino acid substitutions added to slow enzymatic breakdown. A reactive maleimide group, commonly termed the drug affinity complex, allows the peptide to attach to circulating albumin after administration. That albumin attachment keeps the molecule in the bloodstream for an extended period instead of being cleared within minutes.
The compound emerged from work at a Canadian biotechnology firm in the early 2000s. Early human studies examined its effect on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in healthy volunteers and in people with HIV-associated fat redistribution. Reports described sustained increases in both markers after a single injection. Development did not advance to regulatory approval, and the clinical programme was later discontinued. The molecule is now encountered mainly as a research chemical rather than a marketed medicine.
The two variants differ dramatically in how long they persist in circulation. The form lacking the albumin-binding group has a plasma half-life measured in tens of minutes, comparable to the natural hormone fragment. The version carrying the drug affinity complex binds albumin and shows a half-life of roughly six to eight days in human studies. That figure comes from small trials that tracked hormone levels over extended periods. The physiological consequences of sustained versus pulsatile stimulation are still debated and the literature does not settle the point.
Lyophilized peptide powder is comparatively stable when kept dry, cold, and protected from light. Once dissolved, the molecule is vulnerable to deamidation, oxidation, and aggregation, with the rate depending on pH, buffer composition, and temperature. Alkaline conditions and repeated freeze-thaw cycles accelerate loss of the intact peptide. The methionine present in the native sequence is a known oxidation site, which is one reason it was replaced in the modified fragment. Suppliers typically recommend cold storage of solutions and use within a short window.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C152H252N44O42 | Cited for the form without the drug affinity complex |
| Molecular weight | About 3368 Da | Reported value for modified GRF(1-29) |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilised solid as usually supplied |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and polar solvents | Clarity depends on purity and salt content |
| Typical storage | -20 C or below, dry | Protect from light and repeated warming cycles |
Two related peptides circulate under the CJC-1295 label, and they differ mainly in how long they persist in circulation. The version carrying a drug affinity complex includes a maleimidopropionic acid linker that forms a covalent bond with serum albumin. The other version, usually written as modified GRF(1-29) or tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29), lacks that linker and is cleared quickly. Mixing the two produces inconsistent readings of published half-life values, because the linker rather than the receptor-facing sequence drives most of the difference.
The core sequence keeps the receptor-binding region of GHRH while replacing four positions that are vulnerable to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and other proteases. Substitutions at positions 2, 8, 15, and 27 raise metabolic stability relative to the natural hormone. The N-terminal residues remain essential for activity, so changes there generally lower potency. Molecular weight sits near 3368 daltons for the tetrasubstituted analog without the linker, while the albumin-binding form is heavier because of the added maleimide group.
Lyophilized material is typically stored at minus twenty degrees Celsius or lower. Keeping the vial dry and protected from light preserves peptide integrity. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can cause aggregation or loss of activity. Once dissolved, solutions are generally kept at two to eight degrees Celsius. Stability data for reconstituted solutions vary, and long-term behavior is not fully established. Working aliquots reduce the number of times a stock container is opened.
Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is the standard tool for purity assessment. The technique separates the target peptide from truncated or modified byproducts. Mass spectrometry confirms molecular weight and supports sequence verification. Electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption are both used. Amino acid analysis provides an independent check on composition. Purity values are commonly reported as area percentage from the chromatogram. Residual trifluoroacetate and water content are also measured in many quality programs.
Batch-to-batch consistency depends on solid-phase peptide synthesis and subsequent purification. Coupling efficiency, resin choice, and cleavage conditions all affect the final profile. Counter-ion content and moisture can shift the apparent mass of a batch. Documentation typically includes a certificate of analysis with chromatograms and spectra. Independent verification by a second laboratory is sometimes requested. Whether a given certificate reflects the actual vial contents depends on chain of custody. Analytical methods themselves carry uncertainty that should be stated alongside results.
=== Novel experimental treatments === Though medications and behavioral treatments are effective forms for treating OUD, relapse remains a common problem. The medical community has looked to novel technologies and traditional alternative medicines for new ways to approach the issues of continued cravings and impaired executive functioning. While consensus on their efficacy has not been reached, a number of reviews have shown promising results for the use of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) for reducing cravings in OUD. These results are consistent with the use of NIBS for reducing cravings of other substances. Investigations into the anecdotal evidence of psychedelics like ibogaine have also shown the possibility of decreased cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Emerging research includes the noribogaine analogue GM-3009, a next-generation neuroplastogen engineered to eliminate the cardiotoxicity of traditional ibogaine, with clinical Phase 1 trials commencing in 2026. Ibogaine is illegal in the U.S. but is unregulated in Mexico, Costa Rica, and New Zealand, where many clinics use it for addiction treatment. Research has shown a minor mortality risk due to its cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects. In 2024 the FDA approved the NET (NeuroElectric Therapy) device, which reduces withdrawal symptoms by neurostimulation. Used for three to five days of continuous treatment, NET delivers alternating current via surface electrodes placed trans-cranially at the base of the skull on each side of the head.
Майкл Вайс, Хасан Хасан. Исламское государство: Армия террора. — Альпина Паблишер, 2015-11-03. — 346 с. — ISBN 978-5-9614-4068-3. Даша Никольсон. Иностранные боевики-террористы с Северного Кавказа: понимание влияния Исламского государства в этом регионе // Connections: The Quarterly Journal. — 2017. — Т. 16, вып. 4 Манойло А.В. «Русская весна» в Сирии // Мировая политика. — 2015–04. — Т. 4, вып. 4. — С. 1–26. — ISSN 2409-8671 | doi:10.7256/2409-8671.2015.4.17318
=== Psychological and behavioral === Psychological and behavioral therapies are used across all forms of addiction, both alone and together with medication; commonly used approaches include CBT, motivational interviewing, contingency management (which provides tangible rewards for verified abstinence), and twelve-step facilitation. For stimulant use disorder, contingency management (particularly when combined with a community reinforcement approach) has the strongest supporting evidence among psychosocial treatments. For alcohol use disorder, structured twelve-step facilitation programs that encourage participation in Alcoholics Anonymous are at least as effective as other established therapies such as CBT for sustaining abstinence and may lower health-care costs. The creative arts therapies, including art therapy, music therapy, drama and dance, are sometimes offered alongside conventional treatment, and artwork produced during treatment has been used informally to aid assessment and track progress. A 2018 systematic review found insufficient evidence that visual art, drama, or dance and movement therapies reduce substance misuse, though music therapy showed some promise in preparing people to engage with treatment. Proposed benefits include providing a non-verbal outlet for difficult emotions and strengthening engagement in treatment.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Ipglycermides are a class of non-natural macrocyclic peptide (MCP) inhibitors that target cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutases (iPGMs). The activity of human phosphoglycerate mutase requires the cofactor 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (dPGM), whereas a structurally unrelated isozyme found in many parasitic species functions without a cofactor (iPGM). This variation in mechanism and evolutionary origin presents a potential drug target for selectively inhibiting glycolysis in pathogenic organisms. Specifically, they have shown promise in fighting filarial (round worm) diseases such as those caused by Brugia malayi, Onchocerca volvulus, and Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm). Ipglycermides are composed of 14 amino acids and contain an 8-membered macrocycle formed through a thioether bridge connecting the D-Tyr1 α-acetamide and Cys8 sulfhydryl side chain. Compared to most small-molecule drugs, there are more interactions with the drug target that allow them to work at significantly lower concentrations.
== Formulation == Aulus Cornelius Celsus details one version of the antidote in De Medicina (ca. AD 30). A recent translation is as follows: "But the most famous antidote is that of Mithridates, which that king is said to have taken daily and by it to have rendered his body safe against danger from poison". It contained:
Майкл Вайс, Хасан Хасан. Исламское государство: Армия террора. — Альпина Паблишер, 2015-11-03. — 346 с. — ISBN 978-5-9614-4068-3. Даша Никольсон. Иностранные боевики-террористы с Северного Кавказа: понимание влияния Исламского государства в этом регионе // Connections: The Quarterly Journal. — 2017. — Т. 16, вып. 4 Манойло А.В. «Русская весна» в Сирии // Мировая политика. — 2015–04. — Т. 4, вып. 4. — С. 1–26. — ISSN 2409-8671 | doi:10.7256/2409-8671.2015.4.17318
=== Genetics === Two-thirds of families with a history of type 2 diabetes report more than one family member having MASLD. There is a higher risk of fibrosis for family members where someone was diagnosed with MASH. Asian populations are more susceptible to metabolic syndrome and MASLD than their Western counterparts. Hispanic persons have a higher prevalence of MASLD than white individuals, whereas the lowest prevalence is observed in black individuals. MASLD is twice as prevalent in men as in women, which might be explained by lower levels of estrogen in men. Genetic variations in two genes are associated with MASLD: non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PNPLA3 and TM6SF2. Both correlate with MASLD presence and severity, but their roles for diagnosis remain unclear. Although MASLD has a genetic component, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) does not recommend screening family members as there is not enough confirmation of heritability, although there is some evidence from familial aggregation and twin studies.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Videos === 2010: Comedy Central Presents – DVD/download/streaming 2013: Mostly Sex Stuff (Comedy Central 2012) – DVD/download/streaming 2015: Live at the Apollo (HBO Home Video) – DVD/download/streaming 2017: The Leather Special (Netflix) – Streaming 2019: Growing (Netflix) – Streaming
The MTHFR nucleotide at position 677 in the gene has two possibilities: C (cytosine) or T (thymine). C at position 677 (leading to an alanine at amino acid 222) is the reference allele. The 677T allele (leading to a valine substitution at amino acid 222) encodes a thermolabile alternative enzyme variant with reduced activity. Both reference and alternative genotypes are common, with the alternative allele frequency at 10-35%, depending on ancestry. Individuals with two copies of 677C (677CC) have the most common genotype. 677TT individuals (homozygous) have lower MTHFR activity than CC or CT (heterozygous) individuals. About ten percent of the North American population are T-homozygous for this polymorphism. There is ethnic variability in the frequency of the T allele – frequency in Mediterranean/Hispanics is greater than the frequency in Caucasians which, in turn, is greater than in Africans/African-Americans. The degree of enzyme thermolability (assessed as residual activity after heat inactivation) is much greater in 677TT individuals (18–22%) compared with 677CT (56%) and 677CC (66–67%). Individuals of 677TT are predisposed to mild hyperhomocysteinemia (high blood homocysteine levels), because they have less active MTHFR available to produce 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (which is used to decrease homocysteine). Low dietary intake of the vitamin folate can also cause mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Low folate intake affects individuals with the 677TT genotype to a greater extent than those with the 677CC/CT genotypes.
== Pharmacology == Semax is a heptapeptide and synthetic analogue of a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), ACTH (4-10), of the following amino acid sequence: Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro (MEHFPGP in single-letter form). In animals, Semax rapidly elevates the levels and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its signaling receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in the hippocampus, and rapidly activates serotonergic and dopaminergic brain systems. Accordingly, it has been found to produce antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects, attenuate the behavioral effects of exposure to chronic stress, and potentiate the locomotor activity produced by D-amphetamine. As such, it has been suggested that Semax may be effective in the treatment of depression. Though the exact mechanism of action of Semax is unclear, there is evidence that it may act through melanocortin receptors. Specifically, there is a report of Semax competitively antagonizing the action of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) at the MC4 and MC5 receptors in both in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions, indicating that it may act as an antagonist or partial agonist of these receptors. (&alpha-MSH acts as a full agonist of all five melanocortin receptors). Semax did not antagonize α-MSH at the MC3 receptor, though this receptor could still be a target of the drug. As for the MC1 and MC2 receptors, they were not assayed.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic peptide analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Four substitutions in its sequence make it more resistant to enzymatic degradation than the natural hormone. In the version carrying a drug affinity complex, the peptide binds albumin and remains in circulation for days.
No regulatory agency has approved CJC-1295 for clinical use. Human trials were conducted in the 2000s, but the development programme was discontinued before any marketing application succeeded. Material sold today is offered as a research chemical, and its purity depends on the supplier.
Sermorelin is an unmodified fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone and is cleared quickly. CJC-1295 contains substitutions that resist breakdown, and the form with a drug affinity complex persists much longer. Both act at the same receptor but differ substantially in duration of action.
The version carrying the affinity complex bears a maleimide group that binds serum albumin, which extends its circulation time to several days. The version without it lacks this group and clears within roughly half an hour. The two are chemically related but behave very differently once in the body.